NavalResearch Laboratory - picture of Edison sculpted from life.1916 - Theodore Case founded his Case Research Laboratory in Ohio to develop a sound-on-film recording system for motion pictures to compete with Edison's sound-on-cylinder system; Case and Earl Sponable developed the Thalofide photo-electric cell used by the Navy in WWI to transmit secret messages by infrared light.
1917 - Over There recording written by George M. Cohan, performed by Billy Murray. "Written in 1917 and introduced by the famous singer Nora Bayes, this World War I hit became the anthem for America's war effort." (from Library of Congress)
1918 - first wartime actuality sound recording of gas shell bombardment.
1918 - Poulsen's 1898 Denmark patent expired; Germany developed improvements to the wire telegraphone; see picture.
Columbia Grafonola ad from Literary Digest, 1919/09/27 |
1917 - The first "Jazz" record "Livery Stable Blues" was recorded by the all-white Original Dixieland Jass Band from New Orleans, according to The Origins of Big Band Music.1919 - Gennett Record Company in Indiana began to make lateral-cut records and was sued by Victor. Smaller labels such as Okeh, Vocalian, Compo joined Gennett in defending its claim that lateral-cut was in the public domain. Gennett won case 1921 before Judge Learned Hand and won appeal 1922 before Judge Augustus Hand, cousin of Learned. Gennett became one of the largest record producers in the nation, releasing some of the earliest jazz records of Jelly Roll Morton and opened the gates for smaller independent companies to record their own records.
early RCA radios, from NMAH |
1920 - David Sarnoff in January proposed in a 28-page memo the "Sales of Radio Music Box for Entertainment Purposes" and led RCA into cross-licensing patents with AT&T and Westinghouse and to leadership in the broadcasting and recording industries by the end of the decade.1920 - KDKA in Pittsburg inaugurated commercial radio when it was the first radio station to receive its commercial call letters from the Department of Commerce Oct. 27; it began regular scheduled broadcasting Nov. 2 with the returns of the presidential election, and continued broadcasting every evening from 8:30-9:30 pm.
1921 - Public address amplifiers and speakers developed by AT&T since 1916 were used at the Armistice Day ceremonies at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery.
1921 - majority record sales began decline from $106 million high due togrowth of live radio, but new kinds of minority music become popular.
1921 - The Coon-Sanders Novelty Orchestra in Kansas City recorded "Some Little Bird" for Columbia, began regular radio broadcasts Nov. 1922 on the clear channel station WDAF, and recorded 65 songs for Victor 1924-32, becoming one of the nation's most popular big bands of the Jazz Age.
1923 - Bessie Smith's first record "Down-Hearted Blues" was animportant landmark on The Blue Highway.
1923 - New York's WHN broadcast of the influential big band led byFletcher Henderson.
1923 - Fiddlin' John Carson's "Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane" became the first hit country record.
1924 - Chicago's WLS started the National Barn Dance radio show.
1925 - The Rice-Kellogg research paper was published, establishing the basic principle of the direct-radiator loudspeaker with a small coil-driven mass-controlled diaphragm in a baffle with a broad midfrequency range of uniform response. On Nov. 28, WSM in Nashville ("We Shield Millions" slogan of owner Edwin Craig's National Life and Accident Insurance Co.) began its Barn Dance radio show (hosted by George D. Hay who had previously hosted the WLS Barn Dance show) that in 1927 became the Grand Ole Opry broadcast from WSM's Studio B on the new NBC network. The Grand Ole Opry moved to the the Ryman Auditorium in 1943 and with the Acuff-Rose1942 studio and WSM's 1947 Castle Studio would attract recording companies to Nashville's Music Row.
1926 - Bing Crosby recorded his first record "I've Got the Girl" with an oldcarbon mic; hired by Paul Whiteman to sing with Harry Barris andAl Rinker as "The Rhythm Boys" and began to use the new microphonesdeveloped by Bell Labs that encouraged the "crooner" sound whenheld close to the singer's mouth; see Der Bingle Technology for Harry Lillis Crosby's influence on records, radio, movies, audio and video tape recording. He is the No. 1 recorder of songs (1600 songs on 400 million records); the No. 1 recorded song in history remains White Christmas (30+ million copies sold since 1942); the first pop singer to win an Academy Award for Best Actor (in the 1944 film Going My Way); the No. 1 film box office star 1944-49; the No. 1 radio star 1931-1957.
1927 - Ralph Peer held recording sessions on State Street in Bristol TN for the Victor company using the new electrical recording equipment made by Western Electric. The Bristol sessions have been recognized as "Big Bang of Country Music" that helped to launch the careers of the Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers, the first commercially successful modern country music artists.
1929 - Paul Whiteman's Old Gold Special was the first national big band promotional road show.
1925 - first electrically-recorded discs and Orthophonic phonographs go on sale,
using Western Electric system developed at AT&T's Bell Labs over the previous 10 years, making it now possible to record whole orchestras and symphonies and even sound motion pictures (see Sound Recording Research at Bell Labs). 1925 - Warner Bros. joined Walter J. Rich to create the Vitaphone Co. and in October began making experimental sound pictures in the Warner Vitagraph studio in Brooklyn.
1926 - Vitaphone Co. signed a contract April 20 with AT&T to develop sound pictures using the electrical recording system of Western Electric, using 16-inch acetate-coated shellac discs at the new recording speed of 33 1/3 rpm in synch with film reel by electric motors; Warner Bros. moved the Vitaphone studio to the Manhattan Opera House in May and made some short subject musical films such as Volga Boatman on May 24 before releasing Don Juan on Aug. 6, the first full-length film with sound recorded for the musical scenes.
1926 - Charles Brush sold the first piezo-electric featherweight stylus.
1927 - On Jan. 1, Western Electric created Electrical Research Products, Inc. (ERPI) to license motion picture technology to the motion picture producers and exhibitors; Fox had acquired a Western Electric license in Dec. 1926 to use the AT&T electrical sound system in ts theaters to show Fox Movietone newsreels made with the rival sound-on-film method, starting Apr. 20 with marching West Point cadets;
in July, Warner Bros. moved the Vitaphone production to Hollywood in the first studio built for sound; The Jazz Singer premiered Oct. 6, the first commercial sound film with spoken dialogue.1927 - Automatic Music Instrument Co. of Grand Rapids (AMI) introduced the all-electric coin-operated phonograph, the "juke box," to replace coin-operated pianos, but few built before 1934.
1928 - Georg Neumann started his microphone company in Berlin and began production of the CMV3 "Neumann Bottle" condenser microphone.
1928 - John Baird in England developed an early form of mechanical television and recorded moving images and sound on Phonovision wax discs but Vladimir Zworykin in the U.S. and Manfred von Ardenne in Germany perfected the cathode ray tube for electronic television by 1929.
1929 - RCA began making "transcription" discs of vinyl "Vitrolac" from optical soundtracks for radio stations to play on the air; Magnavox developed the hum-bucking coil that reduced loudspeaker hum; final production of Edison cylinders and discs; merger of RCA and Victor.
1930 - Bing Crosby recorded his first solo "I Surrender, Dear" and became the nation's most famous crooner; signed by Bill Paley to CBS in 1931 and sponsored by G.W. Hill's Cremo Cigars; more radio stations began to play recordsof all kinds.
1930 - Albert L. Thuras filed patent No. 1,869,178 on Aug. 15, 1930, granted July 26, 1932, for the bass-reflex principle, and worked at Bell Labs on other designs significant in loudspeaker history1931 - RCA tried to market coarse groove discs of "Vitrolac" vinyl plastic that ran at 33-1/3 rpm "professional" speed, but it failed to replace popular 78 rpm consumer speed; however, the professional transcription disc coated with cellulose acetate remained the standard transcription disc for radio station recording until magnetic tape was adopted in 1948.
1931 - In April Leopold Stokowski with his Philadelphia Orchestra used the vertical-cut recorder equipped with a new moving coil pickup with sapphire stylus developed at Bell Labs by Arthur C. Keller to improve the dynamic range of cellulose acetate discs pressed from gold-sputtered wax masters. When Stokowski later at Bell Labs in New York City heard the record of a performance of the "Roman Carnival" by Berlioz made on Dec. 1, 1931, he said it was the finest recording he had ever heard.
1931 - Empire State Building opened May 31 in New York City with music piped into its elevators, lobbies, observatories.
1931 - The EMI studio that opened Nov. 12 at Abbey Road in London, was the largest sound recording studio in the world; Louis Sterling hired Alan Blumlein to install Blumlein's own electrical recording system and Sterling stopped paying royalties to Western Electric. Alan Blumlein patented the "binaural" (stereo) recording method in England.
Rock-Ola 12-selection mechanism used in juke boxes |
1933 - Homer Capehart sold Simplex changer mechanism to Wurlitzer,sold juke boxes to distributors who installed music systems in post-Prohibition grilles and taverns.1934 - first U.S. advertisement for "High Fidelity" records; DuoJunior record player attachment for radios sold for $16.50.
1934 - Rock-Ola, Seeburg, Wurlitzer introduced multiple-selection nickeljuke boxes; number installed in U.S. increased from 25,000 to 300,000 by1939; Bing Crosby became #1 selection, spurring sales of his 35-centDecca label songs.
1934 - Signal Corps General George Squier founded Muzak to sell recordedmusic to homes in Cleveland for $1.50 per month on 3 channels.
1934 - Swing music began in December with Benny Goodman on NBC'sLet's Dance.
1935 - Hit Parade sponsored by G.W. Hill's Lucky Strike 1935 -New York's WNEW is first music and news radio station; Martin Block was one of the first disc jockeys in his Make Believe Ballroom and earned $500,000.
1935 - Elvis Presley was born January 8 and died in 1977 after selling 41million albums, recording 107 Top-40 hit songs, making 33 movies, andshook hands with President Richard Nixon (photo at right of meeting12/21/71) However, Bing Crosby who also died in 1977 recorded 1600 hit songs, sold 500 million records, made 61 movies, but probably never shook Nixon's hand.
1942 - Armed Forces Radio Service created to distribute programs to soldiersoverseas. By January 1946, 1030 vinylite 16-inch transcription discs of 8240 popular and classical songs had been produced as part of the Basic Music Library for the AFRS.
1928 - Dr.Fritz Pfleumer patent in Germany for application of magnetic powders tostrip of paper or film.
1931 - Pfleumer and AEG begin to construct the first magnetic tape recorders.
1932 - BASF of I.G. Farben joined with AEG of Telefunken to develop magnetic tape recording using Pfleumer patent; by 1934, BASF is able to manufacture reels of plastic-based tape.
1935 - first public demonstration of BASF/AEG "Magnetophone" at Berlin Radio Fair.
1936 - first BASF/AEG tape recording on Nov.19 of live concert by Sir Thomas Beecham.
1939 - independent invention of the wire recorder in U.S. by Marvin Camras at Armour Research Foundation and sold to military during World War II; wire recorders such as the Webster pictured at right were popular with amateurs until the late 1950s.
1940 - David Sarnoff of RCA installed first secret recording devices in the White House for 11 weeks, from June to October, using the same optical Phonofilm method used in RKO films.
1941 - The quality of the Magnetophone in Germany dramatically improved with the use of high frequency biasing developed by Weber and Von Braunmuhl at AEG.
1944 - 3M Co. (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing) began tape coating experiments in U.S. under Ralph J. Oace.
1945 - Signal Corps Captain John Mullin found Magnetophones at RadioFrankfurt in Germany and 1000-meter reels of 6.5mm ferric-coated BASFtape with 20-min capacity; he mailed 2 machines to U.S. with 50 reelsof tape, and after the war worked on them to improve the electronics.
1946 - Mullin demonstrated Magnetophones at San Francisco Institute of Radio Engineers on May 16, and Harold Lindsay told Ampex boss Alexander M. Poniatoff who began work on developing a U.S.-made magnetic tape recorder.
Crosby with early Ampex home model ca. 1948, from Ampex Corp. |
1947 - Mullin demonstrated Magnetophones to Bing Crosby Enterprises in June.NBC had refused to record his show, Bing moved to ABC with Philco sponsorin the fall, brought with him Mullin's Magnetophones to tape his new season shows and dub to 16-inch transcription disc for broadcast starting Oct. 1 - see Der Bingle Technologyarticle on Bing Crosby. 1948 - 1st U.S.-made Ampex Model 200 tape recorders arrived for Crosby show #27 along with 3M Scotch 111 gamma ferric oxide coated acetate tape.
1948 - Columbia introduced on June 21 the first 12-inch 33-1/3 rpm micro-groove LP vinylite record with 23-minute per side capacity, developed by Peter Goldmark in 1947, using players made by Philco.
one of the first RCA 45 rpm players, from the Smithsonian |
1949 - RCA Victor introduced 7-inch 45 rpm micro-groove Extended Play vinylite record and player; later records made of polystyrene. In September, Capitol became the first major label to support all three recording speeds of 78, 45, 33-1/3 rpm. 1951 - war of the speeds ended as Victor sold LPs and Columbia sold 45s.
1947 - Big 6 record companies controlled majority industry: Columbia, Victor, Decca, Capitol, MGM, Mercury; but teenagers rejected majority music style, giving opportunity to the rise of new small independent labels.
1947 - Roy Brown recorded first rock and roll song Good Rocking Tonight on DeLuxe label, although the name was common in early blues recordings such asTrixie Smith's 1922 My Man Rocks Me With One Steady Roll.
Rock-Ola 120-selection coin wall box found in taverns and diners |
1949 - Todd Storz of Omaha's KOWH created Top 40 after observing customers in a bar play the same juke box selection over and over.1950 - Muddy Waters recorded "Rollin' Stone" for the Aristocrat label of Leonard and Phil Chess on Maxwell Street in Chicago, at the end of Highway 61, "the road to freedom" followed by many black blues singers from the Miss. Delta to Chicago. Waters electrified the blues and helped create rock and roll.
1951- Leonard and Phil Chess recorded one of the first rock 'n' roll songs, "Rocket '88" by Jackie Brenston.
1952 - Alan Freed started Moondog's Rock and Roll Party in Cleveland after visit to Leo Mintz's record store.
Elvis statue on Beale Street in Memphis |
1953 - Elvis Presley in the summer made his first recording (a personal disc for himself, not for his mother's birthday that was in the spring) at the Sun studio of Sam Phillips in Memphis; the second recording by Elvis at Sun was That's All Right released July 19, 1954, taped on the two Ampex 350 recorders Phillips used to create the "slapback" audio delay that became a trademark sound of Sun records. 1954 - Bill Haley recorded rhythmic Shake, Rattle and Roll and Rock Around the Clock on Decca, due to the success in 1953 of his first national rock hit Crazy Man Crazy on Essex label.
1955 - Sam Phillips on Nov. 10 sold his recording contract with Elvis to RCA and Colonel Tom Parker for $35,000.
1956 - Elvis Presley recorded Heartbreak Hotel on January 10 in Nashville at his first session for RCA in the new Studio B on Music Row
Soundmirror tape recorder by the Brush Development Co. |
1945 - Paul Klipsch patented the Klipschorn folded horn speaker. The innovations in speakers and amplifiers and tape recorders after World War II contributed to the birth of a"Hi Fi" era that produced stereo and transistor radios and cassette tape players.1949 - Magnecord added a 2nd head to its PT-6 tape recorder (mono model first introduced at the May 1948 NAB show) to create one of the first open reel stereo tape recorders; see tape recorder ads.
1949 - Frank H. McIntosh and Gordon J. Gow sold the first McIntosh 50W1 Unity Coupled Amplifier, producing 50 watts at less than 1% distortion from 20 Hz to 20,000Hz.
1951 - Stefan Kudelski built the first Nagra portable, self-contained tape recorder.
1954 - Acoustic Research introduced the small AR-1 bookshelf loudspeaker that used the acoustic suspension principle developed by company co-founder Edgar Villchur. This was soon followed by the $89 AR-2 and by the AR-3 with improved domed tweeters in 1958.
1954 - RCA Victor sold the first prerecorded open reel stereo tapes for $12.95.
1954 - Regency TR-1, first transistor portable radio introduced by I.D.E.A.Co. of Indianapolis - see note on the
question of who made the first such radio. 1956 - The Chrysler Imperial 16-2/3 rpm record player with 7-inch ultramicrogroove records developed by Peter Goldmark.
1958 - world standard for stereo records established, and first stereo LPs sold; new generation of Hi-Fi components adopt stereo.
1959 - Seeburg sold the "Background Music System" with 16-2/3 rpm records.1963 - Philips demonstrated its first compact audio cassette using high-quality BASF polyester 1/8-inch tape that ran at 1-7/8 ips; sold the next year in the U.S. with the Norelco Carry-Corder dictation machine, but the demand for blank tape used for personal music recording was unanticipated by Philips.
1966 - U.S. cars equipped with 8-track stereo cartridge tape players developed by William Lear (who founded the Learjet aviation company in 1962), Ampex, and RCA.
1969 - Dolby Noise Reduction introduced for pre-recorded tapes.
1950 - "Jack Mullin, then Bing Crosby's recordist and chief engineer, began working at the newly established electronics division of Crosby Enterprisesto develop a magnetic TV recorder" - from Tape Recorder History by Jerry Whitaker.1951 - Ampex team led by Charles Ginsburg began work on a video tape recorder (VTR) in October; Bing Crosby Enterprises demonstrated an experimental 12-head VTR at 100 ips.
1953 - Vladimir K. Zworykin and RCA Labs demonstrated Dec. 1 a longitudinal VTRrunning very fast at 360 ips over 3 heads with AM sound.
1956 - Ampex demonstrated first practical quadraplex VTR at Chicago NAB show April 14, using 2-inch wide 3M tape at 15 ips over rotating head assemblyrecording at a slant on tape surface with AM sound; over next 4 yearssold 600 units at $75,000 each, mostly to big network stations.
1956 - CBS broadcast the first network television show with videotape Nov. 30,Douglas Edwards and the News, for West Coast delayed broadcast.
1957 - Ampex and RCA pooled patents to develop compatible color and B&W VTR.
1959 - first mobile Ampex VTR unit.
1959 - Toshiba in September demonstrated prototype helical scan model VTR-1, with 2-inch tape running at 15 ips over just one head. After the demonstration, Sony began to develop the helical scan VTR.
1960 - Ampex shared VTR patents with Sony and Sony shared transistorized circuitry with Ampex.
1961 - JVC (founded as the American-owned Victor Co. of Japan in 1946, but owned by Matsushita since 1953) demonstrated helical scan color VTR with 2 heads.
1961 - Sony marketed helical scan VTR, the PV100, adopted by American Airlines in 1964 for in-flight movies; Ampex sued Sony in 1966.
1963 - Sony marketed first home VTR for $995, open reel 1/2-inch helical scandeck.
1964 - Ampex joined with Toshiba to market U.S.-designed VTRs in Japan.
1965 - Sony introduced first consumer 1/2-inch format helical scan VTR and priced under $3000.
1967 - In March, the Ampex HS-100 color video magnetic disc recorder is used for rapid playback in normal, slow, or stop action, at the ABC "World Series of Skiing" in Vail, Colorado, marking the beginning of "instant replay" on commercial television.
1968 - CBS introduced EVR using film in a cassette; 20th Century Fox agreed to sell movies in EVR; but the format faced growing competition by 1972 from videocassette formats introduced by RCA, Sony, Ampex and Avco, all seeking to develop a new consumer market for home VCRs.
1969 - RCA demonstrated SelectaVision that played pre-recorded cassettes but did not record.
1969 - Sony introduced first videocassette, the 3/4-inch U-Matic one-hour tape, available in U.S. by 1971. For the first time, Sony allowed other manufacturers to sell machines that could play the cassette, and thus succeeded in establishing a world standard for the 3/4-inch videocassette.
1970 - Ampex introduced the Instavision that it had developed with Toshiba; N.V. Philips introduced its own videocassette recorder (VCR) format in Europe; AVCO introduced a solid state compact Cartrivision VCR.
1972 - Phillips demonstrated a laserdisc playback-only deck.
1972 - Sears and Wards sold CartriVision, but too many competing VCR formats caused all to fail by 1973. 1975 - Sony introduced in November in the U.S. the Betamax consumer VCR (console only) for $2295 with one-hour 1/2-inch tape cassettes for $15.95. Sony sought to created a standardized format, as it had done with the U-matic in 1969, by getting 7 other companies to agree to produce machines that would play the Beta cassettes.
1976 - JVC introduced in October in Japan the VHS format VCR for $885.
1976 - Sony introduced a Betamax VCR deck for $1300 and began aggressive advertising claiming that it "can actually videotape something off one channelwhile you're watching another channel" and "build a library of yourfavorite shows." MCA/Universal and Disney filed lawsuit finally won bySony in 1984.
1977 - RCA announced in March it would sell VHS with 4-hour tapes.
1978 - Pioneer developed the LaserDisc that was first used by General Motors to train Cadillac salesmen. Pioneer began selling home LaserDisc players in 1980.
1979 - Sony introduced Betascan in April that allowed visible picture while fast-forwarding.
1979 - Sony introduced the TPS-L2 Walkman portable audio cassette player, inaugurating a new era of personal music listening; the Sony family of portable personal music players would grow to include over 500 models, from the original pocket-sized 14-oz Walkman to the D-88 Pocket DiscMan of 1988 to the DAT Walkman TCD-D3 of 1991 to the MiniDisc of 1992 to the digital Discman of 1999; in the 20-year history of the Walkman devices, 100 million units were sold in the U.S. creating a $1 billion industry. By 1983, more pre-recorded audio cassettes (236 million) were sold than LPs, a decline in the big vinyl discs that was accelerated in the 1980s by the compact disc digital revolution.
1980 - Sony introduced first consumer video camcorder.
1983 - Sony introduced the Beta HiFi VCR with high-quality FM sound.
1985 - Sony introduced the 8-mm format in April; the VHS group, led by JVC, brought out a compact version of VHS, known as VHS-C, but it only recorded for 20 minutes.
1988 - Super-VHS video format equalled 8-mm in picture quality but not in sound quality.
1989 - Sony introduced the Hi8 video format and the Sony CCD-V99 camcorder.
1982 - first digital audio 5-inch CD discs marketed, merging theconsumer music industry with the computerrevolution 1985 - Sony and Philips produced the standard for Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) computer discs that would use the same laser technology as the audio CD.
1987 - Digital Audio Tape (DAT) players introduced
1988 - for the first time, CD sales surpassed LP sales, leaving CD and cassette as the two dominant consumer formats; more than 1/2 of TV households own a VCR; the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable carried up to 37,000 telephone transmissions and began to replace satellites for telephone communication.
1990 - Canada began digital radio that used the L-band.
1993 - Digital HDTV Grand Alliance in October selected Dolby AC-3 to provide digital surround sound for the emerging technology of digital television.
1994 - Global Big 6 control $30 billion record industry: Philips(owns Polygram, A&M, Mercury, Island), Sony (owns CBS Records),Matsushita (owns MCA, Geffen), Thorn-EMI (owns Capitol, Virgin), TimeWarner, and Bertelsmann (owns RCA Records)
1995 - By September, all companies in the DVD consortium agreed to DVD standards.
1996 - DVD players started selling in Japan, and began in 1997 selling in the U.S.
1997 - MP3.com was founded in November by Michael Robertson
1998 - Jonell Polansky produced the first 24-bit 48-track digital recording session at Ocean Way on Nashville's Music Row
1998 - On August 6, the first HDTV set went on sale for $5,499 to the public in San Diego, a 56-inch Panasonic set that was developed at the company's research and development center in San Diego and manufactured in Tijuana.
1998 - The Last Broadcast premiered Oct. 19 as "the first desktop feature film" produced and exhibited digitally, co-sponsored by Texas Instruments using its DLP digital cinema projector.
1999 - TiVo and Philips announced March 31 in a press release shipments of "the first personal TV system." The 5 largest record companies in the U.S. controlled 84% of the 755 million albums sold in the U.S. in 1999: 26.3% by Seagram's Universal (owns MCA, Polygram), 16.2% by Sony Music (owns Columbia), 16% by Bertelsmann's BMG (owns RCA Victor), 15.7% by Time Warner's Warner Music, 9.4% by EMI.
2000 - Jan. 1 Disney released Fantasia/2000 in the IMAX film format with 6-channel digital sound.
copyright � 1999-2002 by Steven E. Schoenherr. All rights reserved.
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